Take a quiz: Economy

  

Across:

3. Ming China was able to produce this at the highest rate in the history up to its point.

8.This type of industries were widely spread through Mughal India.

Down:

1.Farmers of Ming China had utilized this method of farming to increase their productivity.

2.This took large proportions in both Indian and Chinese domestic economies.

4.This group of people directly affected the economy of Mughal India, but did not have as much influence in Ming China. It was until the late days of Qing Dynasty that this group of Europeans was largely influential in China.

5.Mughal India had been maintaining this very well before the British came.

6.India used to be an exporter of this, but had become an importer during its colonial times. Such a change had ruined the domestic economy of India

7.Currency widely used in Ming China, but introduced much later in around the late 1700s

9. Both India and China exported this good a type of clothing material

Take a Quiz: Mughal Empire

1.The first contact between Mughal Empire and European

 travelers was first initiated in

(1) 1573

(2) 1980

(3) 1470

(4) 1390

2.The Mughal mission to convert to Catholicism is not
 only a success but also brought about an artistic exchange. 
(True / False)

3.The Jesuits provided European paintings and statues 
that Mughal artists emulated and imitated. (True / False)

4.Akbar's goal in holding the religious debates was not
 to abandon Islam but also to create syncretic brotherhood.
 (True / False)

-------------------

Answers:

1:1

3: F. The mission was a failure.

4: T

5: F They did emulated but did not imitated blindly. They learned the techniques and provided 
their own interpretations of paintings by adding little changes.

Mughal Empire's Origin

Mughal Empire's Origin 

First the portuguese had made their way to india around the 15^th century, and for a hundred years and been building factories in the territories of hindu rajas, nothing of the kind would have been allowed by the great mogul, but the portuguese had persuaded the hindu rajas that they would help and protect them, and the rajas never saw the danger until the fortresses were bristling with cannon and opposition was useless. The portuguese capital was seated on the island of Goa, which was a centre of the catholic religion as well as of portuguese trade.

In 1600 the whole of northern india was under the domination of a mohammedan sovereign, known as the great Mughals. His empire covered large hindu populations and many hindu principalities.

Then the english came along in 1612.This was the beginning of the interaction between the two nations.Before the british started to interact with india, the british merchants wanted to trade with the east india company but they were shut out by the portuguese fortresses. So the british sunk and burnt several portuguese ships, the moguls were fascinated by the victor and saw that the british had superior strength on their side.In 1612 the british set up a factory at surat in a large indian house.Native brokers or banyans were employed to buy cotton goods, silks, indigo, and other indian commodities;whilst public auctions were held in the factory for the sale of british broadcloths, glass and cutlery, especially sword-blades, and also for the sale of lead, copper, quicksilver, and other european commodities.

In 1639 a british merchant named day bought a strip of territory on the coromandel coast, about 300 miles to the south of masulipatam.

·         “mr.day agreed to pay the raja a rent of 500. A year in native coin known as pagodas and the transaction was duly engraved on a plate of gold”

·         “this factory was the germ of the city of madras, on the coast of coromandel. Weavers, washers, painters and hosts of other hindu artisans, flocked to the spot and eagerly entered the service of the British”

It could be observed that as the British influence in India allowed increase in employment between the Mughals and also increase in money spending to the Mughals. Overall, the British in India was a point to remember in reviving India's economy. 

Introduction

Take a Quiz: Ming China

http://www.schoolexpress.com/cgi-bin/quizzes.cgi

*increase you don't have access to the quiz web site, look below

Questions

1. Who is a famous Jesuit Priest in Ming China that was called the Apostle of the Indies?

a) St. Francis Xavier

b) Matteo Ricci

c) Marco Polo

d) Jesus Christ

2. What did the Literati study?

a) Science

b) Confucianism

c) Anthropology

d) Literature

3. What made Li Zhizao to convert to Christianity?

a) Matteo Ricci persuaded Li Zhizao to be be baptized.

b) Li Zhizao had a vision from God

c) He experienced a serious illness.

d) Li Zhizao was forced by the Jesuits to be converted

4. Which scientific tool was used in the battlefield?

a) clock

b) silver

c) microscope

d) telescope

5. When did the first British Tea arrive in London?

a) 2004

b) 1998

c) 1789

d) 1652

answer

1. a

2. b

3. c

4. d

5. d

Ming Dynasty and Cultural Encounter

Religion

Jesuits in China

       Jesuits first visited Ming china as a scientist and astronomical teachers who

 shared and spread their knowledge to the Chinese population. 

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          Famous Jesuit Priests
            St Francis Xavier (1506-1552)
  
  
          St. Francis Xavier, also called as the sainted Apostle of the Indies, dedicated his life in spreading Christianity in Asia. He was one of the members who found the Society of Jesus took care of Portuguese visitor in Ming China
                                                     St Francis Xavier 
  
  
  
  
  
  .       Matteo Ricci (1552-1610)
           
         Matteo Ricci encountered the Chinese during the China Mission in 1583. He was a Jesuit priest who not only had religious influence but also social and academic.
        Matteo Ricci was a mathematician and a scientist. His books Geometrica Practica and Trignometrica were translated to Chinese and published the first maps of China. 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  ·         Moreover, the first six books of Euclid’s Elements were translated to Chinese.

  ·         Idea of trigonometry brought revolutionary innovation in Chinese field of sciences of astronomy, map making, calculation of time and date.

  ·         Matteo fully understood and appreciated Chinese culture and today he is known as a mediator between Chinese and European cultural encounter.

  ·         Until today Matteo Ricci work in the study of mathematics, literature, and apologetics is recognized and respected by the Chinese government.  
  
  
  
  
  
                                        Story of Matteo Ricci 
  
  
  ·         Chinese response to Christianity

  ·         Chinese respond to the Jusuit differed between the literati and the common people. 

  
  
          Who are Literati?

  
  

        Literati were most respected class in Ming Chinese society. Literati studied classic Confucisionism and prepared for official examination

  
  

  
  
                                                   Literati 
  
  
  
  
  
  Literati’s Responds
         The Jesuits converted three influential scholars (Literati), Xu Guangqi, LI Zhizao, and Yang Tingyun. These three scholars later became the Three Pillars of the early Christian church in Ming China.
  ·          
          Xu Guangqi : First Chinese literati to be baptized. (1611): After Xu failed his official examination in 1597, he encounter Matteo Ricci and dream about the Trinity. Later deeply inspired by the painting of Madonna and the child, he was baptized. 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
         Li Zhizao: He was very closed to Matteo Ricci but refused to be converted until he experienced a serious illness that almost killed him.

        : He was converted and baptized after he met Father Cattaneo and Trigualt. 

  • 
    

  . 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
           Science and Ming Dynasty

  ·         Clock: Emperor of Ming Dynasty was astonished by the design and function of clock brought by the Europeans.

  
  

          Ricci “The clock was always kept before him (emperor) because he likes to look at it and to listen to it ringing the time.          The Jesuit and other scientist from Europe also calculated the forecast and time and duration of a solar eclipse in 1629.

  
  

  ·       Telescope: When Confucian scholars saw the telescope, they were astonished by how this tool can be used in battle to see its enemy from distance, where they are, how many horsed or cannon they have.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

India and Ming China's Economy

1. Mughal India

   
   

   Pre-colonial:

   
   

   Before the British came to power, India had maintained a self-sufficient agriculture. The empire was able to produce and consume within its borders. Also, the country had managed balanced trade, which means the export was greater than the imports and thus India gaining from trade with other countries. Items imported into India were pearls, wool, dates, dried fruits, and rosewater from the Persian gulf; coffee, gold, drugs, and honey from Arabia; tea, sugar, and silk from China; gold, musk, and woolen clothes, metals like copper, iron, and lead, and paper from Europe. Items exported from India were cotton textiles. Beside cotton textiles, which wre famous all over the world, India also exported raw silk, indigo, opium, rice, wheat, sugar, pepper, and other spices, precious stones, and drugs. Handicraft industries were one of the major sectors of the economy and it was widely practiced.

   
   

   During British Rule:

   
   

   Under the British rule, India’s economy faced some changes. One of the most important changes was the commercialization of agriculture. Opposed to the previous self-sufficient agriculture, now the Mughal agricultural industry focused on cash crops. Also, India became an importer of cotton. This ruined the economy as India used to earn profit from selling cotton to foreign markets. However, there were some improvements in the economy that took place during the British rule. The improvements are: 1) building of the railroads, 2) establishing telegraphs in the country which contributed to the immense improvements in communication, and 3) impose of legal system that stabilized the society with society-wide laws.

   
   

   
   

   
   

   Ming China

   Ming Dynasty is one of the three golden ages of China. During the Ming period, the economy had improved in technology, agriculture, trade, and manufacturing. Also, during the Ming reign, Chinese economy was showing signs of early form of capitalism.

   
   

   Agriculture

   
   

   Ming farmers used crop rotation methods and powered plowing with water, both with improved agricultural output. Such affluence set tones for early form of capitalism in China. Tea and fruit orchards grew in particular regions where soil fertility was high.

   
   

   Agricultural Influences on the Ming Economy

   
   

   The new economy made farmers able to cultivate massive land for cash crops. Such cash crops were important because of the rising population and decreasing land fertility. However, advancements in tools, carts, and water-powered plowing equipments helped with raising cash crops.

   3 Types of markets in Ming Dynasty: rural market, urban-rural market, and national market.

   
   

   Manufacturing

   
   

   Manufacturing in Ming China became more improved and productive with variety of goods, compared to the Song Dynasty that preceded the Ming. Iron was produced at the most efficient rate in the history. Many industries, such as tea and salt, were privatized and propelled by powerful merchants.

   Ming Dynasty abolished forced labor and adopted wages for workers in manufacturing industries.

   
   

   Commerce and Trade

   Ming Dynasty also is marked with flourishes of trade, commerce, and investment due to its liberalized economy. Ming built canals for irrigation, bridges, and roads. Ming could trade with faraway markets, such as Japan and Europe.

   
   

   Comparisons:

   1.       Large portion of agriculture in the domestic industries.

   2.     Vast land = huge domestic market unlike small nation-states of Europe.

   3.     Use of currency, coins.

   

   Mughal's coin

   
   

   

   
   

   Ming China's coin

   
   

   
   

   
   

   4.     Active trades with other countries.

   5.     Open to trade with Europeans.

   A.    Qing China opposed the trend of Ming’s outward economy, and adopted anti-merchant strategy.

   
   

   Silver Trade – China traded its good such as silk porcelain and tea with silver from the Europeans. Silver was important material for the Chinese because it was used as a medium of exchange. Thus the silver trade is the beginning of Chinese modern economic structure.

   Problem with Silver Trade- The Chinese monetary system was based on the assumption that the amount of silver coming in to the country is constant. But when number of extra silver from the foreign country increased, Chinese economic system could not managed the extreme imbalance in the exchange rate and experienced huge economic crisis in the 1500s. 

   
   

   Contrasts:

   1.       Vast majority of Mughal Empire’s manufacturing started with the British colonial rule, while China had its own form of manufacturing even before Ming dynasty.

   
   

   2.     Exported and imported different goods:

   A.    items exported from India were cotton textiles. Besides cotton textiles which were famous all over the world, India also exported raw silk, indigo, opium, rice, wheat, sugar, pepper and other spices, precious stones and drugs

   B.     items imported into India were pearls,wool, dates, dried fruits and rosewater from the Persian gulf; coffee, gold, drugs and honey from Arabia; tea,sugar and silk from China; gold, musk and woollen cloth; metals like copper, iron and lead, and paper from Europe.

   
   

   C.     China exported tea, sugar, and silk, and imported opium, metals, and European luxuries.

   
   

   3.     In India, handicraft industries were widely spread and flourishing.

   
   

   4.     In China, iron was made at the highest speed in history, tea and salt manufacturing were privatized.

   
   

   5.     In Mughal Empire, paper money was introduced much later, in around late 1700s. While in Ming China, paper money and bank notes were widely utilized.